Thanks Einstein…..

 

A cosmic event  occurred at 130 million light-years away (or 130 million years ago) where two neutron stars (much denser than the Sun, 40 percent bigger than the Earth, roughly twice the mass of the sun and 9000% smaller than Sun; formed after a supernova) spun closer to each other (~12 km apart) sending a  travelling ripple through space-time continuum perceived as  a gravitational wave disturbance at a subatomic scale on August 17 2017 (time delay due to consequences of General relativity and light years distance) by LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). About less than 2 seconds later, NASA Fermi telescope identified a burst of gamma radiation due the collision close to the speed of light of the two neutron stars (Kilonova). This collision emanated ultraviolet, optical and infrared emissions and atomic debris including heavier elements  typically of atomic number greater than 41  including  gold, uranium, platinum, plutonium and so on (the addition of neutrons  to lighter atomic nuclei as neutron rich  bodies collides). With help of VIRGO, the event was localized (GW170817) and analyzed and converted to audio with frequencies greater than 30Hz (last signal on the audio profile).

Neutron star collision…..Pictorial depiction by……Carnegie Institution for Science

Imagery of the aftermath of neutron stars collision

So why do we care

1. Affirmation of Albert Einstein’s theory of General Relativity of 1915.
2. First observation of gravitational wave by neutron stars and subsequent gamma radiation.
3. First observation of electromagnetic wave astronomy.
4. First localization of the source of neutron-neutron star and gamma radiation.
5. Affirmation of elemental cosmic alchemy.
6. And most of all, since light energy can easily be diffracted, or attenuated but  gravitational waves are relatively less affected by energy or environmental field distortions  therefore it could be harnessed to expand and understand Big Bang theory, mapping out the cosmos and other cosmological anomalies.

What exactly is “gravity”: Newton vs. Einstein

Isaac Newton, Author of Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (“the Principia”) in 1687 discussed the theory of gravity and planetary motion

 

Albert Einstein between 1907 to 1915 discussed relativity and its relation of planetary bodies in various publications including: Die vom Relativätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie (On the Inertia of Energy Required by the Relativity Principle), Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen
(On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It), Elektromagnetische Grundgleichungen für bewegte Körper
(On the Fundamental Electromagnetic Equations for Moving Bodies), Principe de relativité et ses conséquences dans la physique moderne
(The Principle of Relativity and Its Consequences in Modern Physics), Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes 
(On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light), Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und eine Theorie der Gravitation. I. Physikalischer Teil von A. Einstein II. Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann
(Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation. I. Physical Part by A. Einstein II. Mathematical Part by M. Grossmann), Kovarianzeigenschaften der Feldgleichungen der auf die verallgemeinerte Relativitätstheorie gegründeten Gravitationstheorie
(Covariance Properties of the Field Equations of the Theory of Gravitation Based on the Generalized Theory of Relativity), Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (On the General Theory of Relativity), Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
(Explanation of the Perihelion Motion of Mercury from the General Theory of Relativity) and Feldgleichungen der Gravitation
(The Field Equations of Gravitation).

 

Isaac Newton proposed the the famous theory of ” attractive force emanating from object (masses) with a given radius exudes a pull/force towards surrounding objects”. This principle governs the earth’s orbits around the sun, the moon orbit around the earth. The famous science tale  of an apple falling to the ground; is explained as the earth’s attractive pull towards the apple. In a Newtonian world, heavenly bodies are supposed to move uniformly at a straight lines at constant speed or uniform acceleration  (two dimensional flat geometry in an inertial reference frame). Newton postulated that the force of gravity explains the departure  from the law of inertia in all reference frames; where the deviations from the straight line path into a curved path of accelerated motion of planets are due to the gravitational influence form the Sun. Newton’s gravity skeptics has raised issues on this theory that includes the source power of gravity, the speed of gravity (assumed to be  greater than the speed of light from Newton’s equations), the world exists in a four dimensional geometry rather two dimensional geometry,  and the diminishing/increasing strength of gravity . I don’t want to get into the specific on the issues with “gravity” but this are lingering problems that arises from the the theory. Irregardless, the scientific  society has acknowledge that the ” newton theory” as the only explicable and acceptable explanation to planetary motion at his time until………

       Einstein in actuality also contributed a different reasoning towards the “incomplete physical explanation of gravity”. Einstein was perplexed with Newton’s theory because of this unexplained source of gravity. Einstein in his  “General theory of Relativity” proposed  that space is malleable and that time and space were part of a four-dimensional system. The Sun (largest matter in our planetary system) distort the fabric of space-time continuum or fabric causing what physicists call space-time curvature forming a tunnel/funnel shaped center of the solar system . This curvature affects the motion and cosmic distribution of other masses: in other words, it is what Newton thought was “force of gravity” and we perceive as “gravity “. This curvature solves the disparity between inertial reference frame and accelerated frame. Therefore in a uniform inertia of flat geometry is no different from a curved path in an accelerated reference frame. In essence the law of inertia  is conserved in all reference frames and depends in the geometry of the reference frame at which the motion is observed.  Planets follow the contours of the space-time curvature (created by the sun’s influence on the space time fabric) and it depends on the observer who might see it as a straight line inertial reference frame or accelerated reference frame of a curved path.  This curvature creates the foundation of a four dimensional geometry wherein we can observe the difference between flatness and curvature of space using Riemann (non-Euclidean) geometrical properties of a sphere.  Einstein theory also states “speed of gravity” is equal to speed of light because gravity’s speed is not instantaneous; so any changes to the gravitational field at the sun will take a little time before the earth experiences it. This speed of light governs the essence of special relativity and on a larger scale, General relativity. Although the space-time continuum has not be observed and measured but the consequences of space-time curvature has been confirmed including gravitational lensing, Mercury gradual orbital change,  gravitational redshifitng, gravitational waves and localized space-time distortion by the rotating Earth.

Einstein therefore trounces Issac Newton………..

Comment-Einstein view is kind of hard to wrap your head around, very abstract but also very accurate .

The problem with measuring undetectable gravity is that the instrumentation, methodology, principles used are based on previous ideologies (Newton and Kepler) that constricts the results to an agreeable conclusion with existing theories therefore lacking a “new perspective of gravity and ingenuity”. Simply the experiments are redundant and not ground-breaking.

P.s. -“Don’t blame gravity for falling in love”-Albert Einstein

Simple thoughts of mass vs. weight vs. density………..

A  friend once asked me four questions as follows:

1. What is the difference between mass and weight ?
2. Do we weigh the same in all planetary bodies?
3. Why do astronauts bounce up and down when they transverse on the moon?
4. And is weight the same as density?

You will be surprised that some people are confused with these measurement terms and incorrectly interchange the usage of mass and weight and often times density in describing objects. Let answer……

1a. Mass is inertia (fundamental resistance of  any object to applied  external force) or measure of matter while weight is measure of matter under the influence of an external force mostly gravity.

1b. Mass is scalar quantity; it has magnitude or numerical value while weight is a vector quantity (magnitude and direction). Direction meaning up, down, north , south and west.

1c. Weight is measured as a function  amount of matter(mass) multiplied by the influence of gravity (accelerating gravitational  force).

1d. Mass is measured in kilograms, ponds, ounces or stones. Weight is measured in Newton or kilograms

1d. Mass has been  proven  due the presence of elementary, subatomic “God ” particles (Higgs bosons) whose  interactions in a web-like space-time matrix called Higgs Field produces mass  (Large-Hadron Collider-CERN Switzerland) which has been espoused by the Physics community.  Mass is a property of a particle not to travel at the speed of light subsequently subatomic particles travel near the speed of light with minute mass to create mass by proximal collision and “excited” interaction with the Higgs field.

2. The key is not confusing weight with mass. We weigh differently in every planetary body because of “g” which is acceleration due to gravity. Acceleration due gravity is not constant due to influences of the size of the planetary body and its proximity to the source of gravity. So the closer you are the source to gravity the heavier your weight. Mass is constant regardless of location (Moon,Los Angeles, Sun, asteroids or Earth) because it obeys the laws of conservation of matter as long as it is not altered. It is therefore expected we should weigh heavier as we move closer to the Sun since it is the source of gravity for our solar system or move to a larger planetary body e.g Jupiter.

3. Astronauts look like they bounce on the Moon because of “g”. “g” of Earth is higher than “g” of the Moon so we feel lighter on the Moon thereby having a “floating” walk on the Moon. It would take astronauts some time in order to get acclimated with the gravitational influence of the moon.

4. Density is amount of matter per unit measured space. So density is the mass divided volume of the object. Weight is a force but density is related to matters relation to its volume so it is a scalar quantity.

Anti-matter Rap song…….